Collision Detection: Implementing accurate collision detection between the bird and pipes was tricky. We resolved it by using bounding box logic and fine-tuning the hitboxes.

Game Physics: Simulating the bird's flapping motion and gravity required iterative testing to achieve a smooth and natural feel.

Resource Management: Loading and managing images and sounds efficiently was initially challenging. We overcame this by using Java's built-in libraries for resource handling.

Randomization of Pipes: Generating pipes at random heights while ensuring the game remains playable required careful logic adjustments.